A thorough understanding of this relationship can help governments design appropriate institutions and macroeconomic policies ... Japan, New Zealand, and South Africa face a short-lived fall in ...

For example, when less cold water comes to the surface off the west coast of South America during El Niño events, fewer nutrients rise from the bottom of the ocean. That means there is less food ...

During normal conditions, trade winds blowing west along the equator take warm water from South America toward Asia. During El Niño events, trade winds weaken and warm water is pushed toward the ...