Underdosing of opioid analgesia is a significant problem in emergency medicine. Although many dosing regimens for intravenous morphine have been studied, 0.10 mg/kg generally is recommended as an ...

After repeated dosing, patients usually develop tolerance to opioid ADEs such as sedation, pruritus, and nausea and vomiting. [15] Tolerance to respiratory depression is variable because this ADE ...