In 1958, a new strain of influenza A with different HA and NA was identified and antigenic shift was discovered; the need for a trivalent vaccine was recognized. Technical advances have made it ...

or antigenic shift (which for flu is usually the acquisition of a whole new segment of RNA). Any scientist or physician interested in the influenza virus itself, and all its fascinating ...

CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, depends on their previous exposure - and differences in the focus of immune responses will help scientists understand how to optimise vaccines in the future to ...

We searched the same sources and Google for vaccine names (GX-70) and scanned reviews for references. Data on antigenic composition, delivery systems, adjuvants, and vaccine efficacy were charted and ...

Autoimmune models may be spontaneous, requiring genetic manipulation, with some requiring additional antigenic exposure. Alternatively, induced models of autoimmunity are diverse, and include adoptive ...